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Northumbrian, however, has a dialectal “r,” often called the burr (voiced back fricative consonant with inner or outer rounding), a sound which exists in Scotland only as an individual peculiarity. 13) on the eastern side “wh” and “h” still survive within Nhb., so that any Scotsman journeying southward finds the Northumbrian speech not unlike his own.
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5) at Kendal, east of Lake Windermere, “h” was still in use in 1905, but “wh” was fainter than in Scotland (Hirst’s Grammar and Dial. of Cockermouth) in 1913 they were no longer heard (Brilioth’s Grammar and Dial. As soon as we get south of Carlisle “h” as in Scots “hoo” begins to disappear, and “wh” as in Eng. area, except in a small portion of n.Cum., of which the southern limit is a line stretching from Bewcastle to Longtown and Gretna. Ch as in loch has disappeared all over the n.Eng. A glance at the consonantal distinctions will bring us to the same conclusion as in the case of the vowels. border dialects we should find similar agreements and differences, the latter, however, predominating so as to constitute on each side a separate dialect type. If we were to follow in like manner the history of the other O.E. ŭ into and agrees with the eastern half of the n.Eng. Scottish speech as a whole, then, differs from the n.Eng. The line to the south of which only “coom” is heard stretches from Ryhope through Dur. of the line, both “cum” and “coom” can be heard in different localities south of the “cum” line as far as Ryhope (3 miles sse. On the Cumberland side the division between “cum” and “coom” is clearly marked, but in Nhb., although “cum” only is heard n. The “cum” line starts at the mouth of the n.Esk in n.Cum., crosses Cum., and skirting the foot of the Cheviots reaches the east coast at Bamburgh (12 miles n. Western Yks., with its great industrial towns, Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield, etc., has lost this “doon” pronunciation, a result due to the enormous influx of population from other districts. of Gainsborough, and terminating on the Humber 3 miles nw. of Whitehaven), entering Lincoln 3 miles n. The southern limit of the pronunciation of “down” as “doon” is marked in the map by a line which moves in a south-easterly direction from the mouth of the s.Esk (17 miles sse. Map 1 gives a rough idea of these divisions but it must be borne in mind that very often there is a gradual change from one district to another in course of which more than one pronunciation may be heard. coom doon, in the Midlands coom down and in southern Eng.
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In Scots the two words are pronounced cum doon, in n.Eng. They may be distinguished by a very simple vowel test which consists in tracing in each group the development of O.E. The first is spoken in the Lowlands of Scotland, the second in Northern England, the third in the English Midlands and the fourth in Southern England. The modern dialects of Germanic origin in Great Britain are generally divided into four great groups. The latter are, in most cases, the results of the development of the same sounds in different directions owing to varying physical, geographical, social and political conditions. As the dialects on both sides of the Border are sprung from the same source we should expect to find them possessing many phonetic features in common, along with others more or less divergent. to Larriston Hill it descends Kershope burn to the Liddel Water, which it follows to its junction with the Esk leaving the Esk at Scotsdyke it moves due west till it reaches the little river Sark, which it follows to the Solway. by e., but near Cheviot Hill it strikes sw. of Berwick town, follows the line of the Liberties of Berwick to the Tweed, which then constitutes the boundary line to the point where the three counties of Nhb. It starts from a point on the east coast 3 miles nnw. before the middle of the 13th century, and has continued with little alteration up to the present day. The political boundary between Scotland and England was fixed by Alexander II. The area of Scottish speech with which the National Dictionary deals comprises (1) the Lowlands of Scotland, (2) Orkney and Shetland, where it has superseded the Norn language within the last 350 years, and (3) parts of Ulster, especially Antrim, Down and Derry, to which, since c.1606, it has been extended by the immigration of Scottish settlers. This Phonetic Description of Scottish Language and Dialects appeared in the Scottish National Dictionary, Volume 1 Part 1, which was published in 1931.
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